da "THE NEW YORK TIMES", Bill Keller
IN recent years Americans have begun to wise up to the idea that our overstuffed prisons are a shameful waste of lives and money. Lawmakers have recoiled from the high price of mass incarceration (the annual per-inmate cost of prison approaches the tuition at a good college) and some have recognized that our prisons feed a pathological cycle of poverty, community dysfunction, crime and hopelessness. As crime rates have dropped, the public has registered support for reforms that would have fewer nonviolent offenders languishing in prison. For three years in a row, the population of America’s prisons has inched down; 13 states closed prisons last year. Efforts to fix the perpetual misery machine that is our criminal justice system have won support not only from progressives and academics but fromconservatives (both fiscal and evangelical), from enlightened law enforcement groups, from business and even from advocates for crime victims.
IN recent years Americans have begun to wise up to the idea that our overstuffed prisons are a shameful waste of lives and money. Lawmakers have recoiled from the high price of mass incarceration (the annual per-inmate cost of prison approaches the tuition at a good college) and some have recognized that our prisons feed a pathological cycle of poverty, community dysfunction, crime and hopelessness. As crime rates have dropped, the public has registered support for reforms that would have fewer nonviolent offenders languishing in prison. For three years in a row, the population of America’s prisons has inched down; 13 states closed prisons last year. Efforts to fix the perpetual misery machine that is our criminal justice system have won support not only from progressives and academics but fromconservatives (both fiscal and evangelical), from enlightened law enforcement groups, from business and even from advocates for crime victims.
This emerging
consensus is good news, since our prisons are an international scandal, and we
can only hope the new attitude doesn’t evaporate with the next Willie
Horton-style rampage or spike in the crime rate. But it raises an important
question: What is the alternative? How do we punish and deter criminals,
protect the public and — the thing prisons do most abysmally — improve the
chances that those caught up in the criminal justice system emerge with some
hope of productive lives?
That has become about
the hottest subject in criminal justice, the focus of a profusion of
experiments in states and localities, and of researchers trying to determine
what works. California alone, which is under a Supreme Court mandate to relieve
its inhumanely congested prisons, is offering counties $1 billion a year to try
out remedies. A study released
on Monday by the Urban Institute examined 17 states, red and blue, testing an
approach called Justice Reinvestment — reducing prison costs and putting some
of the savings into alternatives. Perhaps the most striking thing, said Nancy
La Vigne, the principal investigator on the report, is the enthusiasm of
law-and-order states that a few years ago might have shunned such programs as
bleeding-heart liberalism.
In conversations with
a wide range of criminal justice experts, I found several broad strategies that
seem promising:
SENTENCING America
has long been more inclined than other developed countries to treat crime as a
disposal problem; “trail ’em, nail ’em and jail ’em,” is our tough-on-crime
slogan. Beginning in the ‘70’s, rising crime rates, compounded by the crack
epidemic and the public fear it aroused, set off a binge of punitive sentencing
laws. Three-strikes, mandatory minimum sentences and requirements that felons
serve a minimum portion (often 85 percent) of their sentence lengthened the
time offenders — especially drug offenders, and especially black men — spent in
lockup. Restoring common sense to sentencing is the obvious first step in
downsizing prisons. New York rolled back its notorious Rockefeller drug laws,
California has softened its three-strikes law and several other states have
tinkered with rigid sentencing laws. But there is stiff resistance from prosecutors,
who use the threat of long sentences to compel cooperation or plea deals.
Reformers concede that those draconian laws have had a modest effect on the
crime rate, but because of them we are paying to imprison criminals long past
the time they present any danger to society. “Keeping a 60-year-old in prison
until he’s 65 does close to zero for crime rates,” said Jeremy Travis,
president of John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “If we’re really seeing
something deep going on here, the proof will be whether legislators have the
political will to roll back sentencing.”
SUPERVISION For
every inmate in our state and federal prisons, another two people are under the
supervision of probation or parole. Caseworkers are often poorly paid and
usually overwhelmed. About all they can do is keep count of an offender’s
violations until the system decides to kick that offender back to prison. A few
jurisdictions have tried to make parole and probation less of a revolving door
back to prison, with some encouraging results. They focus attention on
offenders considered most likely to commit crimes. They send caseworkers out of
the office and into the community. They use technology (ankle bracelets with
GPS, A.T.M.-style check-in stations, Breathalyzer ignition locks to keep
drinkers from driving) to enhance supervision. They employ a disciplinary
approach called “swift and certain,” which responds promptly with a punishment
for missing an interview or failing a drug test. The punishments start small,
then escalate until the offender gets the message and changes his behavior —
preferably before he has to be sent back to prison. Mark Kleiman, a U.C.L.A.
public policy professor who is a champion of the technique, says, “It’s
basically applying the principles of parenting to probation.”
DIVERSION Many
jurisdictions now send drug offenders to special courts that divert nonviolent
drug abusers to treatment instead of prison. Adam Gelb, director of the Public
Safety Performance Project at the Pew Charitable Trusts, said more than 2,000
drug courts have been created. The popularity of drug courts has spawned other
specialized venues — veterans’ courts, domestic violence courts — that aim to
address problems rather than simply dispense punishment.
La Pena Visibile (o della fine del carcere), di Salvatore Ferraro, Rubbettino Editorehttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/opinion/keller-america-on-probation.html?hp&rref=opinion&_r=1
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
